\newcommand\phn{\phantom{0}}% 
\newcommand\phd{\phantom{.}}% 
\newcommand\phs{\phantom{$-$}}% 
\newcommand\phm[1]{\phantom{#1}}% 
\let\la=\lesssim            % For Springer A&A compliance... 
\let\ga=\gtrsim 
\newcommand\sq{\mbox{\rlap{$\sqcap$}$\sqcup$}}% 
\newcommand\arcdeg{\mbox{$^\circ$}}% 
\newcommand\arcmin{\mbox{$^\prime$}}% 
\newcommand\arcsec{\mbox{$^{\prime\prime}$}}% 
\newcommand\fd{\mbox{$.\!\!^{\mathrm d}$}}% 
\newcommand\fh{\mbox{$.\!\!^{\mathrm h}$}}% 
\newcommand\fm{\mbox{$.\!\!^{\mathrm m}$}}% 
\newcommand\fs{\mbox{$.\!\!^{\mathrm s}$}}% 
\newcommand\fdg{\mbox{$.\!\!^\circ$}}% 
\newcommand\fp{\mbox{$.\!\!^{\scriptscriptstyle\mathrm p}$}}% 
\newcommand\micron{\mbox{$\mu$m}}% 
\def\farcm{% 
 \mbox{.\kern -0.7ex\raisebox{.9ex}{\scriptsize$\prime$}}% 
}% 
\def\farcs{% 
 \mbox{% 
  \kern  0.13ex.% 
  \kern -0.95ex\arcsec% 
  \kern -0.1ex% 
 }% 
}% 
%\renewcommand\case[2]{\mbox{$\frac{#1}{#2}$}}% 
%\renewcommand\slantfrac{\case}% 
\newcommand\onehalf{\slantfrac{1}{2}}% 
\newcommand\onethird{\slantfrac{1}{3}}% 
\newcommand\twothirds{\slantfrac{2}{3}}% 
\newcommand\onequarter{\slantfrac{1}{4}}% 
\newcommand\threequarters{\slantfrac{3}{4}}% 
\newcommand\ubvr{\mbox{$U\!BV\!R$}}%% UBVR system 
\newcommand\ub{\mbox{$U\!-\!B$}}%   % U-B 
\newcommand\bv{\mbox{$B\!-\!V$}}%   % B-V 
%\renewcommand\vr{\mbox{$V\!-\!R$}}%   % V-R 
\newcommand\ur{\mbox{$U\!-\!R$}}%   % U-R 
\makeatletter
\newcommand\ion[2]{#1$\;$\protect \textsmaller{\rmfamily\@Roman{#2}}}% 
\newcommand\smion[2]{#1$\;$\protect \footnotesize{\rmfamily\@Roman{#2}}\small}% 
\newcommand\scion[2]{#1$\;$\protect \tiny{\rmfamily\@Roman{#2}}\scriptsize}% 
\makeatother
\newcommand\nodata{ ~$\cdots$~ }% 
\newcommand\diameter{\ooalign{\hfil/\hfil\crcr\mathhexbox20D}}% 
\newcommand\degr{\arcdeg}% 
\newcommand\Sun{\sun}% 
\newcommand\Sol{\sun}% 
\newcommand\sun{\odot}% 
\newcommand\Mercury{\astro{\char1}}% Mercury symbol, "1" 
\newcommand\Venus{\astro{\char2}}% Venus symbol, "2" 
\newcommand\Earth{\earth}% 
\newcommand\Terra{\earth}% 
\newcommand\earth{\oplus}% 
\newcommand\Mars{\astro{\char4}}% Mars symbol, "4" 
\newcommand\Jupiter{\astro{\char5}}% Jupiter symbol, "5" 
\newcommand\Saturn{\astro{\char6}}% Saturn symbol, "6" 
\newcommand\Uranus{\astro{\char7}}% Uranus symbol, "7" 
\newcommand\Neptune{\astro{\char8}}% Neptune symbol, "8" 
\newcommand\Pluto{\astro{\char9}}% Pluo symbol, "9" 
\newcommand\Moon{\astro{\char10}}% Moon symbol, "M" 
\newcommand\Luna{\Moon}% 
\newcommand\Aries{\astro{\char11}}% 
\newcommand\VEq{\Aries}% vernal equinox (Aries) 
\newcommand\Taurus{\astro{\char12}}% 
\newcommand\Gemini{\astro{\char13}}% 
\newcommand\Cancer{\astro{\char14}}% 
\newcommand\Leo{\astro{\char15}}% 
\newcommand\Virgo{\astro{\char16}}% 
\newcommand\Libra{\astro{\char17}}% 
\newcommand\AEq{\Libra}% autumnal equinox (Libra) 
\newcommand\Scorpius{\astro{\char18}}% 
\newcommand\Sagittarius{\astro{\char19}}% 
\newcommand\Capricornus{\astro{\char20}}% 
\newcommand\Aquarius{\astro{\char21}}% 
\newcommand\Pisces{\astro{\char22}}% 

\newcommand\caii{Ca~{\sc ii}}
\newcommand\mgi{Mg~{\sc i}}
\newcommand\fehphot{$\rm{[Fe/H]_{phot}}$}
\newcommand\fehspec{$\rm{[Fe/H]_{spec}}$}
\newcommand\lcdm{$\Lambda$CDM}
\newcommand{\teff}{$T_{\rm{eff}}$}
\newcommand{\mathteff}{T_{\rm{eff}}}
\newcommand{\logg}{$\log g$}
\newcommand{\mathlogg}{\log g}
\newcommand{\feh}{[Fe/H]}
\newcommand{\mathfeh}{\rm{[Fe/H]}}
\newcommand{\afe}{[$\alpha$/Fe]}
\newcommand{\xfe}{[X/Fe]}
\newcommand{\mathafe}{\rm{[\alpha/Fe]}}
\newcommand{\mathxfe}{\rm{[X/Fe]}}
\newcommand{\ah}{[$\alpha$/H]}
\newcommand{\mathah}{\rm{[\alpha/H]}}
\newcommand{\vt}{$v_t$}
\newcommand{\mathvt}{v_t}
\newcommand{\cfht}{\textsc{cfht}}
\newcommand{\ha}{H$\alpha$}
\newcommand{\deep}{\textsc{deep2}}
\newcommand{\deimos}{\textsc{deimos}}
\newcommand{\mathaa}{\mathrm{\AA}}
\newcommand{\ngcaf}{NGC~1904 (M79)}
\newcommand{\ngca}{M79}
\newcommand{\ngcb}{NGC 2419}
\newcommand{\ngccf}{NGC~6205 (M13)}
\newcommand{\ngcc}{M13}
\newcommand{\ngcdf}{NGC~6838 (M71)}
\newcommand{\ngcd}{M71}
\newcommand{\ngce}{NGC 7006}
\newcommand{\ngcff}{NGC~7078 (M15)}
\newcommand{\ngcf}{M15}
\newcommand{\ngcg}{NGC 7492}
\newcommand{\bd}{BD+28$^{\circ}$~4211}

\newcommand{\otoprule}{\midrule[\heavyrulewidth]}
\newcommand\aj{AJ}
          % Astronomical Journal
\newcommand\actaa{Acta Astron.}
  % Acta Astronomica
\newcommand\araa{ARA\&A}
          % Annual Review of Astron and Astrophys
\newcommand\apj{ApJ}
          % Astrophysical Journal
\newcommand\apjl{ApJ}
          % Astrophysical Journal, Letters
\newcommand\apjs{ApJS}
          % Astrophysical Journal, Supplement
\newcommand\ao{Appl.~Opt.}
          % Applied Optics
\newcommand\apss{Ap\&SS}
          % Astrophysics and Space Science
\newcommand\aap{A\&A}
          % Astronomy and Astrophysics
\newcommand\aapr{A\&A~Rev.}
          % Astronomy and Astrophysics Reviews
\newcommand\aaps{A\&AS}
          % Astronomy and Astrophysics, Supplement
\newcommand\azh{AZh}
          % Astronomicheskii Zhurnal
\newcommand\baas{BAAS}
          % Bulletin of the AAS
\newcommand\caa{Chinese Astron. Astrophys.}
  % Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics
\newcommand\cjaa{Chinese J. Astron. Astrophys.}
  % Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics
\newcommand\icarus{Icarus}
  % Icarus
\newcommand\jcap{J. Cosmology Astropart. Phys.}
  % Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
\newcommand\jrasc{JRASC}
          % Journal of the RAS of Canada
\newcommand\memras{MmRAS}
          % Memoirs of the RAS
\newcommand\mnras{MNRAS}
          % Monthly Notices of the RAS
\newcommand\na{New A}
  % New Astronomy
\newcommand\nar{New A Rev.}
  % New Astronomy Review
\newcommand\pra{Phys.~Rev.~A}
          % Physical Review A: General Physics
\newcommand\prb{Phys.~Rev.~B}
          % Physical Review B: Solid State
\newcommand\prc{Phys.~Rev.~C}
          % Physical Review C
\newcommand\prd{Phys.~Rev.~D}
          % Physical Review D
\newcommand\pre{Phys.~Rev.~E}
          % Physical Review E
\newcommand\prl{Phys.~Rev.~Lett.}
          % Physical Review Letters
\newcommand\pasa{PASA}
  % Publications of the Astron. Soc. of Australia
\newcommand\pasp{PASP}
          % Publications of the ASP
\newcommand\pasj{PASJ}
          % Publications of the ASJ
\newcommand\qjras{QJRAS}
          % Quarterly Journal of the RAS
\newcommand\rmxaa{Rev. Mexicana Astron. Astrofis.}
  % Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica
\newcommand\skytel{S\&T}
          % Sky and Telescope
\newcommand\solphys{Sol.~Phys.}
          % Solar Physics
\newcommand\sovast{Soviet~Ast.}
          % Soviet Astronomy
\newcommand\ssr{Space~Sci.~Rev.}
          % Space Science Reviews
\newcommand\zap{ZAp}
          % Zeitschrift fuer Astrophysik
\newcommand\nat{Nature}
          % Nature
\newcommand\iaucirc{IAU~Circ.}
          % IAU Cirulars
\newcommand\aplett{Astrophys.~Lett.}
          % Astrophysics Letters and Communications
\newcommand\apspr{Astrophys.~Space~Phys.~Res.}
          % Astrophysics Space Physics Research
\newcommand\bain{Bull.~Astron.~Inst.~Netherlands}
          % Bulletin Astronomical Institute of the Netherlands
\newcommand\fcp{Fund.~Cosmic~Phys.}
          % Fundamental Cosmic Physics
\newcommand\gca{Geochim.~Cosmochim.~Acta}
          % Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta
\newcommand\grl{Geophys.~Res.~Lett.}
          % Geophysics Research Letters
\newcommand\jcp{J.~Chem.~Phys.}
          % Journal of Chemical Physics
\newcommand\jgr{J.~Geophys.~Res.}
          % Journal of Geophysical Research
\newcommand\jqsrt{J.~Quant.~Spec.~Radiat.~Transf.}
          % Journal of Quantitiative Spectroscopy and Radiative Trasfer
\newcommand\memsai{Mem.~Soc.~Astron.~Italiana}
          % Mem. Societa Astronomica Italiana
\newcommand\nphysa{Nucl.~Phys.~A}
          % Nuclear Physics A
\newcommand\physrep{Phys.~Rep.}
          % Physics Reports
\newcommand\physscr{Phys.~Scr}
          % Physica Scripta
\newcommand\planss{Planet.~Space~Sci.}
          % Planetary Space Science
\newcommand\procspie{Proc.~SPIE}
          % Proceedings of the SPIE
\let\astap=\aap
\let\apjlett=\apjl
\let\apjsupp=\apjs
\let\applopt=\ao
